Siddham · 悉曇

Every character
a living buddha.

Siddham is an ancient Indic Sanskrit script. It traveled with Buddhism into China, then into Japan — and there became the sacred writing of esoteric practice. Not an alphabet in the usual sense. Each character is a doorway. To a buddha. To a bodhisattva. To a force that has been kept alive for more than a thousand years.

A script that carries power
Siddham calligraphy by Dr. Mark Hosak · sacred Sanskrit seed syllables of esoteric Buddhism
Siddham calligraphy by Mark Hosak · sacred Sanskrit script

Not read. Entered.

Siddham (Sanskrit for "accomplished," "perfected") is a sacred Indic script. In the 9th century the Japanese master Kukai brought it from China to Japan, where it became the heart of esoteric ritual practice. In Japanese it is called Bonji — "seed syllables." Each character carries the seed of a buddha.

This is not a metaphor. In the Shingon tradition every Siddham character is treated as the living form of a buddha or bodhisattva. When a monk writes a Siddham, he is not meditating on an abstract sign. He is meeting the being the character embodies. The calligraphy itself becomes the ritual.

Dr. Mark Hosak practiced this tradition for three years in the temples of Kyoto. He studied Japanese and Chinese calligraphy with a Zen monk. And in his doctoral dissertation at Heidelberg University — Die Siddham in der japanischen Kunst — Rituale der Heilung (The Siddham in Japanese Art — Rituals of Healing) — he traced the connection between Siddham, Reiki and Kuji Kiri through Japanese and Chinese source texts. The roots are not only Buddhist. They reach into Shugendo, Shinto and shamanic Daoist practice as well.

In Shingon Reiki this connection becomes alive again. The Reiki symbols that were passed on in the West as abstract glyphs find their way back to where they came from. Every symbol has a Siddham at its root. And every Siddham opens a doorway.

Amida triad at Saimyoji temple · Amida Nyorai flanked by Kannon Bosatsu and Seishi Bosatsu in a golden shrine with mandorla
Amida triad at Saimyoji · Amida Nyorai with golden mandorla, flanked by Kannon and Seishi Bosatsu
Going deeper

The world of Siddham —
in single articles.

Each article is a doorway of its own. Choose the one you want to step through first.

Dr. Mark Hosak in 1997 in front of calligraphies by his Japanese calligraphy master
Mark in 1997 · with his calligraphy master in Japan
Voices from the practice

Practitioners —
on the Siddham syllables.

Personal experience. Every voice is an individual account. Results vary, and they depend on prior practice, openness, life circumstances and many other factors. Reiki and contemplative practice do not replace medical or psychological treatment.

"Bringing in one of the seven manifestations of the Medicine Buddha (Shichi Butsu Yakushi) for the recitation of the mantra lifted the event onto a whole new level. Working with the Siddham syllable bhai was a deeply special experience for me."

Benni · Black Forest
Practitioner · Siddham bhai & Medicine Buddha practice

"After repeating the beautiful event with the medium-length Medicine Buddha mantra, I'm now bringing the practice into my daily life — reciting the medium-length Medicine Buddha mantra 108 times over a set period. That same beautiful energy is here again, and it builds from day to day."

Dagmar · Eberbach
Practitioner · mantra & Sanskrit practice
More voices from the practice →
Your next step

Meet the Siddham syllables

Click on a character. See the calligraphy up close. Hear the syllable. Discover the buddha-nature it carries.
All calligraphies shown here were hand-painted by Dr. Mark Hosak.

All calligraphies were hand-painted by Dr. Mark Hosak. The six syllables shown here are a small selection from the much larger Siddham alphabet of the Shingon tradition.

Don't only look at the characters.
Step inside them.

In Mark's books you'll find the full story of the Siddham — their journey from India through China into Japan, and from there into Reiki practice. And on the Shingon Reiki path you experience what no text can convey: the initiation into the living force of the characters themselves.

Common questions

FAQ

What is Siddham?
Siddham (also called Bonji in Japan) is an ancient Indic Sanskrit script. The Japanese master Kukai brought it from China to Japan in the 9th century. Each character is held to be the living seed-form (bīja) of a buddha or bodhisattva, used in the ritual practice of esoteric Japanese Buddhism as both meditation object and vessel of power.
How are Siddham and the Reiki symbols connected?
The Reiki symbols have their roots in the Siddham tradition. Mikao Usui knew these characters from his contact with esoteric Buddhist practice. The simplified shapes that were passed on in Western Reiki trace back to that lineage. In Shingon Reiki, the original connection between the Reiki symbols and their Siddham roots is restored.
What does Mark Hosak's dissertation have to do with Siddham?
Dr. Mark Hosak earned his PhD at Heidelberg University with a dissertation titled Die Siddham in der japanischen Kunst — Rituale der Heilung (The Siddham in Japanese Art — Rituals of Healing). His research connects the Siddham script with the origins of Reiki and Kuji Kiri and draws on three years of field research in Japanese temples plus translation work on Japanese and Chinese source texts.
Is Siddham purely Buddhist?
No. Although Siddham is most strongly associated with esoteric Buddhism, the ritual use of the script in Japan also draws on Shugendo, Shinto, and shamanic Daoist currents. The healing rituals around Siddham sit at the meeting point of all of them — which is exactly where Shingon Reiki and Kuji Kiri come from.
🏯
Dr. Mark Hosak
PhD in Japanese Studies (Heidelberg) · researcher and practitioner of the Shingon tradition · founder of Shingon Reiki

Mark Hosak earned his PhD at Heidelberg University on the origins of Reiki and Kuji Kiri, practiced for three years in the temples of Kyoto, and completed the full Shikoku pilgrimage on foot — all 88 temples. He is the author of the bestselling Das Große Buch der Reiki-Symbole (The Great Book of the Reiki Symbols) and has been transmitting Shingon Reiki for more than 25 years.

More about Mark → Books →